| Born | Patricia Sawyer August 31, 1942[1] |
|---|---|
| Nationality | American |
| Alma mater | Pasadena City College Pasadena College UCSF University of California, Berkeley |
| Known for | From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice |
| Awards | Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing (2011) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Nursing theory, nursing education |
| Institutions | University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) |
| Influences | Hubert Dreyfus, Stuart Dreyfus, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Martin Heidegger |
| Website | www.educatingnurses.com |
Benner, Patricia E. From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Commemorative ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2001. Citation formats are based on standards as of July 2010. Citations contain only title, author, edition, publisher, and year published. Citations should be used as a guideline.
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Patricia Sawyer Benner (born on August 31, 1942) is a nursing theorist, academic and author. She is known for one of her books, From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice (1984). Benner described the stages of learning and skill acquisition across the careers of nurses, applying the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition to nursing practice. Benner is a professor emerita at the University of California, San FranciscoUCSF School of Nursing.
Early life[edit]
Benner was born Patricia Sawyer in August 1942 in Hampton, Virginia. Benner, her parents and her two sisters moved to California when she was a child. Her parents were divorced when she was in high school, which she described as a difficult event for her entire family. Benner decided to become a nurse while working in a hospital admitting department during college.[2]
She earned an associate degree in nursing from Pasadena City College simultaneously with a bachelor's degree from Pasadena College in 1964. She married Richard Benner in 1967 and they had two children. Benner earned a master's degree in nursing from UCSF in 1970 and a PhD from the University of California, Berkeley in 1982.[2]
Academic career[edit]
Benner joined the nursing faculty at UCSF in 1982. Early in her academic career, Benner led the Achieving Methods of Intraprofessional Consensus, Assessment and Evaluation Project (AMICAE Project).[3] She held an endowed chair at UCSF in ethics and spirituality for several years. In 2004, she became director of the Preparation for the Profession program at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Benner is a professor emerita at the UCSF School of Nursing and is a program leader with the school's PhD program in nursing health policy.[4]
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She wrote her influential book, From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice, in 1984, based on her work with the AMICAE Project.[3] Benner adapted the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition to the careers of nurses. The work describes a five-stage career trajectory from novice nurse to expert.[2] Benner's model was based on qualitative research rather than quantitative studies, which has opened it to some criticism.[3]
Working with Judith Wrubel in 1989, Benner expanded her model to incorporate the concept of caring with the stages of skill acquisition.[2] In addition to the influence of the Dreyfus model, the new model was inspired by the work of philosophers Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger. It described four aspects of a person's understanding (the role of the situation, the role of the body, the role of temporal concerns, and the role of temporality), as well as five dimensions of the body to which nurses attend.[5]
Benner was named a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing in 2011. The Living Legends designation honors individuals with 'extraordinary contributions to the nursing profession, sustained over the course of their careers.'[6]
Along with her most renowned book she also has written, Expertise in Nursing Practice: Caring, Clinical Judgement and Ethics, Clinical Wisdom and Interventions in Critical Care: A thinking-In-action Approach, and, Stress and Satisfaction on the Job: Work Meanings and Coping of Mid-Career Men.[7]
From novice to expert: A nursing theory[edit]
Benner's novice to expert theory asserts that expert nurses develop their knowledge of patient care and extensive skill set by obtaining experiences collected over a course of time as well as having an education background. Dr. Benner's theory focuses on how nurses acquire their nursing knowledge, particularly how a nurse could gain knowledge or 'know-how' without learning a theory, referred to as 'know-that'.[8] The novice to expert process is one of skill acquisition and is supported as well as defined by the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition, which acts as a foundation for the theory. This model demonstrates how students gain knowledge or skills.
Benner applies this theory to the nursing profession by outlining the same five stages or levels of clinical competency: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert. These five levels represent an overall change in two aspects of a nurse's skills, increased independence in reliance on abstract ideas and principles and an increase in critical thinking. As one collects more concrete experiences, they are then able to use these as paradigms rather than abstract principles, which also leads to an increase in critical thinking. Experiences gained over time will enable a change in perception. Such a change in perception will then open up a new level of thinking that is based on each situation and is more holistic, rather than abstract and pieced-together knowledge that a novice might have.[9]
References[edit]
- ^https://www.coursehero.com › University of Santo Tomas › PHY › PHY 13
- ^ abcdSitzman, Kathleen, Eichelberger, Lisa W. (2010). Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists: A Creative Beginning. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. pp. 165–167. ISBN978-0763778163.
- ^ abcAltmann, Tanya (May–June 2007). 'An Evaluation of the Seminal Work of Patricia Benner: Theory or Philosophy?'. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession. 25 (1/2): 114–23. doi:10.5172/conu.2007.25.1-2.114. PMID17622995. S2CID24431192. Retrieved February 13, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) – via Questia(subscription required)
- ^'PhD Nursing Health Policy Specialty'. University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved February 13, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^Allgood, Martha Raile (ed.) (2013). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 129–130. ISBN978-0323091947.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ^'Academy Living Legends'. American Academy of Nursing. Retrieved February 13, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^'Pat Benner'. Nurses.info. Webmaster. May 20, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
- ^Petiprin, A. (2015). From Novice to Expert. Nursing Theory.org. Retrieved March 28, 2016 from: http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/from-novice-to-expert.php
- ^Benner, P. (1989). From novice to expert. The American Journal of Nursing 82, (3). 402-407. Retrieved March 28, 2016 from: http://www.medicalcenter.virginia.edu/therapy-services/3%20-%20Benner%20-%20Novice%20to%20Expert-1.pdf
Introduction to the Assumptions in Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory
There are several Assumptions in Benner’s Novice Expert Theory. Benner’s Novice to Expert Nursing Theory was introduced by Patricia Benner in 1982. The theory discussed how nurses nurture their skills and understanding of patient care from the time they venture into nursing practice until they become fully qualified nurses who can handle complex cases. Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory was based on the observation that student nurses graduate from nursing schools and programs every year and join clinical settings to start practicing. With time, they gain more insights and knowledge to become seasoned nurses and mentors for the next generation of nurses. Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory discussed how long-term and continuous career development played an important role in nursing because of the complex nature of the profession. Patricia derived her theory from the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition and adapted it to provide an objective way of evaluating nursing skills and subjects.
Assumptions inBenner’s Novice to Expert Nursing Theory
Benner’s Novice to Expert Nursing Theory has assumed practice to be a systematic whole with a notion of excellence. Although intuition cannot be considered as a science, sometimes it stimulates research and leads to greater knowledge and questions that must be explored. Students cannot experience intuition about patient care situations, but over time, nursing expertise is gained and students can use intuition. Another Assumption in Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory is that intuition has been considered an important part of the nursing process. In reality, nursing practice is not a systematic process.
Another Assumption in Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory is that Caring has been assumed to be the basis of altruism. The theory has argued that nurses should care for patients in a manner that they consider fit. Benner moved away from the rules of bonding care and introduced individual and autonomous judgment of practitioners. She also considered good decisions to depend on an ethical stance that makes nurses perform caring processes. In reality, caring cannot be altruistic but rather an evolutionary stage of development.
Another Assumption in Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory is that practitioners were considered unable to practice beyond experience. This theory has described practice capacities rather than the traits and talents of practitioners. At each of its five stages, clinicians can perform best. Lastly Another Assumptions in Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory is that the theory did not consider that some nurses may be talented to the extent of performing some practices without having clinical experience.
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Based on the theory, it is clear that individualized nursing care is an indicator of quality care because it enhances positive patient outcomes. Nurses need the experience to be able to develop individualized care perceptions that can be utilized effectively in the classification systems and nursing processes to achieve quality care. Novice nurses must be supported when implementing individualized care to gain clinical experience and become experts. Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory best reflects these concepts by depicting the characteristic changes that are witnessed as nurses gain experience within the practice settings. Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory offer insights into the evaluation of nursing practices through experience. She considers nursing as a profession based on past experiences and that requires continuous growth. It is a theory that can be utilized to standardize nursing education for professional development and organizational advancements.